| x + 1 | x plus one |
| x − 1 | x minus one |
| x ± 1 | x plus or minus one |
| xy | xy
x multiplied by y |
| (x − y)(x + y) | x minus y, x plus y |
| x⁄y | x over y |
| x ÷ y | x divided by y |
| x = 5 | x equals 5
x is equal to 5 |
| x ≈ 5 | x is approximately equalt to 5 |
| x ≡ y | x is equivalent to y
x is identical with y |
| x > y | x is greater than y |
| x ≥ y | x is greater than or equal to y |
| x < y | x is less than y |
| x ≤ y | x is less than or equal to y |
| 0 < x < 1 | zero is less than x is less than 1 |
| 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 | zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1 |
| x 2 | x squared |
| x 3 | x cubed |
| x 4 | x to the fourth
x to the power four |
| x n | x to the n
x to the nth x to the power n |
| x −n | x to the minus n
x to the power minus n |
| √x | root x
square root x the square root of x |
| 3√x | cube root x |
| 4√x | fourth root x |
| n√x | nth root x |
| (x + y)2 | x plus y all squared |
| (x⁄y)2 | x over y all squared |
| n! | n factorial
factorial n |
| x% | x per cent |
| ∞ | infinity |
| x ∝ y | x varies as y
x is (directly) proportional to y |
| ä | a double dot |
| f (x) | fx
f of x the function of x |
| f ′(x) | f dash x
the (first) derivative of f with respect to x |
| f ″(x) | f double-dash x
the second derivative of f with respect to x |
| f ′″(x) | f triple-dash x
f treble-dash x the third derivative of f with respect to x |
| f (4)(x) | f four x
the fourth derivative of f with respect to x |
| ∂v ⁄ ∂θ | the partial derivative of v with respect to θ |
| ∂2v ⁄ ∂θ2 | d two v by d theta squared
the second partial derivative of v with respect to θ |
| ∫0∞ | the integral from zero to infinity |
| ∑i = 1n | the sum form i equal one to n |
| ∏i = 1n | the product form i equal one to n |
| limΔx → 0 | the limit as delta x approaches zero
the limit as delta x tends to zero |
| grad | gradient |
| div | divergence |
| logey | log y to the base e
log to the base e of y natural log (of) y |
| OA | OA
vector OA |
| x ∈ A | x belong to A
x is a member of A x is an element of A |
| x ∉ A | x does not belong to A
x is not a member of A x is not an element of A |
| A ⊂ B | A is contained in B
A is a proper subset of B |
| A ⊆ B | A is contained in B
A is a subset of B |
| B ∩ A | B intersection A |
| B ∪ A | B union A |
| |x| | mod x
modulus x |
| ∴ | therefore |
| ⊥ | perpendicular |
| || | parallel |
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